But smaller companies and university officials say the growth of digital distribution could also allow them to challenge the majors by lowering barriers to entry.

但一些小公司和大学行政人员表示，数字发行量的增长也减少他们访问网络资源的障碍，这又对出版商造成了威胁。

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BMP is listed on Nasdaq and offers pre-market entry analysis for China, clinical trial management, product registration, market research, and pharmaceutical distribution to hospitals.

美国美华公司在纳斯达克上市，提供中国市场分析、临床实验管理、产品注册、市场研究以及面向医院的药品分销等服务。

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Affordable computer recording programmes and free digital distribution demolished entry level barriers for musicians everywhere, which means that everyone can be a legend in their own home studio.

对世界各地的音乐人来说，价格低廉的电脑录音系统和免费的数字发行体系降低了音乐行业的准入门槛。也就是说，人人都可以在自家的录音里成为传奇人物。

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In the old days, manufacturing plants and distribution networks created sizeable barriers to entry which kept upstarts out of the record companies' business.

ECONOMIST: A new song

If manufacturing and distribution are no longer barriers to entry, the scary question for the record companies is whether any other barriers to entry remain.

ECONOMIST: The record industry takes fright

"Apple's entry created new competition in eBook distribution and a vastly larger pool of eBook consumers, " it wrote in its motion.

WSJ: U.S. Warns Apple, Publishers on E-Book Pricing