2001年，swofford 教授推出整合了最大似然法（maximum likelihood）和距离法（distance-based methods）的paup* 4.0；并于2002年推出光盘版的4.0 beta。
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relational distance-based methods 基于距离的关系方法
Distance-Based Characterizations of Voting Methods 以距离为标准的具体化投票方法
The method of fundamental solutions(MFS), one of the radial basis function(RBF) methods, employs the fundamental solutions to the governing differential operator as the Euclidean distance based RBF.
基本解方法属于径向基函数类方法，它使用微分算子的基本解作为基于欧氏距离的径向基函数。
Cluster Analysis is argued to process based on Weighted Distance Coefficient and System Similarity methods to enhance the validity of the clustering result.
提出以加权距离和系统相似度量方法为基础进行聚类分析，提高聚类结果的有效性。
Intrusion detection methods based clustering are based on distance difference, but to depend on the similarity measurement of all attributes in the same degree tend to arouse misleading.
基于聚类的入侵检测方法大都是以距离差异为基础的，而同等重要地依赖所有属性的相似性度量会引起误导。
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