Autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong condition caused by abnormalities in the development of the brain that affects around half a million people in the UK.

泛自闭症障碍(ASD)是大脑发育异常造成的一种终生的症状，这种症状大约影响着英国50万人的生活。

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This suggests, they say, that smoking may directly contribute to the development of the mood disorder.

研究人员说，这项研究显示抽烟可能会直接导致情绪失调。

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It is the result of a neurological disorder that has an effect on normal brain function, affecting development of the person's communication and social interaction skills.

患者的神经系统紊乱影响大脑功能的正常发挥，进而其沟通能力和社交互动能力也受到影响。

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To fully answer this question, researchers would have to study many high-risk children from birth and try different types of interventions to see what did and didn't protect against the development of bipolar disorder.

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Dr Pitman recently conducted a trial to see if propranolol could prevent the development of this disorder, which afflicts those who have been exposed to horrific events, such as battles or plane crashes, with emotionally disturbing flash-back memories.

ECONOMIST: Memory and emotion: Thanks for no memory | The

He believes that psychiatric problems, such as schizophrenia, drug addiction and obsessive compulsive disorder generally arise from irregular brain development.

BBC: World's most detailed scans will reveal how brain works