A new theory for studying temporal aberrations of dynamic electron optical imaging systems by the direct integral method (DIM) is put forward.
提出了直接积分法(DIM)研究动态电子光学成像系统时间像差的理论。
The iterative method is added into direct integral method to analyze forced vibration problem of laminated composite shallow shells while the relative formulas are derived.
为了求解复合材料多层扁壳在初始薄膜力时的强迫振动，在直接积分法中加入了迭代步骤，推导出了相应的公式和计算步骤。
In addition, the present direct integral method can be used to evaluate the velocity distribution for external flow field correctly where the method of gradient cannot be used at all.
此外，直接积分法还可正确地计算外部流场速度分布。这是偶强梯度法不能完成的。
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