A formal potential solution for the diffraction problem was established, and the computational formulation for the corresponding diffraction force was given.

基于分离变量方法，建立了绕射势的级数解，导出了作用于大直径桩柱上的绕射力的计算公式。

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The researchers analysed the sizes and structures of ash particles using a variety of techniques, such as atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction.

研究人员使用不同的技术研究了火山灰颗粒的尺寸和结构，例如原子力显微镜、电子扫描显微镜和X射线衍射。

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In addition, the microstructure of the MgO thin films were examined with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Atomic Force Morphology (AFM) and Transmission Electron Micrograph (TEM).

同时，用X射线衍射(XRD)、原子力显微电镜(afm)和透射电镜(TEM)对薄膜的微观结构进行了分析。

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