In their preliminary design, an astronaut is strapped into the seat of a machine that resembles an exercise bike.

在他们的初步设计中，宇航员被绑在一个类似于健身自行车的机器座位上。

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For the specific use case we figure out the problem, write the use case, analyse it to figure out what we need to be thinking about, and do some preliminary design.

对于具体的用例，我们弄清问题、撰写用例、分析找出我们需要考虑的内容，并且做一些初步的设计。

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Northrop Grumman, in partnership with Georgia Tech, was awarded a research and development contract for the preliminary design, development and testing of micro-resonator devices.

诺斯罗普·格鲁门公司与佐治亚理工学院合作，被授予了这份研发合同，负责微谐振器设备的初步设计、开发和测试。

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The next stage will the preparation of the preliminary design and publication of the draft orders, which is expected by April 2014.

BBC: Traffic in the centre of Newtown

The Orion capsule, which is intended to carry at least four astronauts into Earth orbit and beyond, has completed its preliminary design review, or PDR.

BBC: Spaceship passes critical review

The completion of the so-called System Requirements Review and System Definition Review allows program managers to proceed into the rocket's preliminary design phase, NASA officials said.

MSN: Giant deep-space rocket passes key test - Technology & science - Space - Space.com | NBC News