Doctrine of liability fixation in infringement of intellectual property right (IPR) is the fundamental criterion for dealing with IPR infringement cases.

知识产权侵权归责原则是审理知识产权侵权纠纷案件的基本准则。

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The doctrine of liability fixation in product liability is the basis and criterion of determining the civil liability of manufacturers and customers.

产品责任归责原则是确定生产者和销售者民事责任的依据和标准。

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