The potentially damaging byproducts of the stress response, such as cortisol, nevertheless continue to pump through the body, and exercise helps offset that effect.

压力反应的潜在破坏性副产品，例如考的索，还是会继续涌入全身，而锻炼能抵消这种效果。

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Cortisol helps the body to raise blood sugar levels and blood pressure in response to stress but also causes changes in mood and memory.

人们在应激时会分泌皮质醇，使血糖和血压升高，同时也会使情绪和记忆发生改变。

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Women have the same levels of cortisol as men, but their stress response is triggered less by competitive failures and more by problems in their personal lives.

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Dr Tom Mackay, a consultant respiratory physician at the Scottish National Sleep Centre at Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, said the research showed sleep deprivation provoked a typical stress response in the body, characterised by raised cortisol and glucose levels.

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Bird sounds can reduce cortisol and adrenaline, which are produced by the human body in response to stress, Mr. Treasure says.

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