Objective To introduce the approaches for estimating gene-environment interaction based on partial case-control studies.

目的介绍不完全病例对照研究中基因与环境交互作用的估计方法。

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Cohort studies are generally preferred to case control studies, since they involve far fewer statistical problems and generally produce more reliable answers.

队列研究一般优先用于病例对照研究，由于其很少涉及的统计学问题，产生的结果一般比较可靠。

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Resting heart rate (RHR) is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in the general population and case-control studies have reported a higher RHR in individuals with type 1 diabetes.

在普通人群中静息心率（RHR）是心血管疾病的危险度因子，病例对照研究显示1型糖尿病患者的RHR偏高。

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Kim Bertrand at the Harvard School of Public Health is an epidemiologist -- someone who studies the spread and control of diseases.

VOA: special.2011.04.28

In addition, case-control studies, such as the large INTERHEART study conducted in 52 countries, have provided valuable information.

FORBES: Do Smoking Bans Really Save Lives? If So, Whose?

The potential advantage of observational studies, particularly case control studies, is that if they can be shown to produce reliable results they can be done very quickly, rather than waiting 10-20 years for the results of prospective trials.

FORBES: Meta-Analysis Adds New Evidence For Cancer Benefits Of Daily Aspirin

Prof John Britton, director of the UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies at the University of Nottingham and report chairman, said people with mental health disorders might find it harder to quit smoking but that did not mean they did not want to stop.

BBC: NHS 'ignoring smoking in mental health patients'