Objective To introduce the approaches for estimating gene-environment interaction based on partial case-control studies.

目的介绍不完全病例对照研究中基因与环境交互作用的估计方法。

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Methods Samples were tested by pathogenic and serologic means before data was collected and analyzed by case-control or family-control studies.

方法采用病原学、血清学与病例对照和病家对照研究方法，检测标本和收集资料，进行整理分析。

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Cohort studies are generally preferred to case control studies, since they involve far fewer statistical problems and generally produce more reliable answers.

队列研究一般优先用于病例对照研究，由于其很少涉及的统计学问题，产生的结果一般比较可靠。

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Kim Bertrand at the Harvard School of Public Health is an epidemiologist -- someone who studies the spread and control of diseases.

VOA: special.2011.04.28

In addition, case-control studies, such as the large INTERHEART study conducted in 52 countries, have provided valuable information.

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The potential advantage of observational studies, particularly case control studies, is that if they can be shown to produce reliable results they can be done very quickly, rather than waiting 10-20 years for the results of prospective trials.

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Prof John Britton, director of the UK Centre for Tobacco Control Studies at the University of Nottingham and report chairman, said people with mental health disorders might find it harder to quit smoking but that did not mean they did not want to stop.

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