One reason for the much higher Pentagon forecasts is that the cost is built up to include every contingency, including projecting inflation over the whole production cycle.

五角大楼给出的估价要高出很多，一个原因是将所有可能发生的情况都考虑在内了，包括在整个生产周期内的发生通货膨胀的可能性。

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Logistics: Just like TNT, the best transportation networks are optimized for both cost and risk, and consider multiple routes to markets and contingency shipping plans.

物流：正如TNT所做的那样，最好的运输网络应同时考虑到成本和风险，并兼顾通向目标市场的多线路选择和偶然事件下的发货计划。

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Realistically, a budget accounting item for contingency allowance should be established whenever a contingency amount was included in the final cost estimate.

在实际操作当中，无论详细的成本估算中是否包括了意外事件，项目预算都应列支一笔应急储备金。

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But it was understood the contingency fund was meant to cover cost overruns, essential in a project with a fixed timetable, not lack of private money.

BBC: Crunch continues to hit 2012 fund

Always make sure you score the cost of failure as a contingency against the projected savings and it suddenly might make sense to allow safety and reliability considerations to take a bite out of those projections.

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And the consequent decision-making flaws included inadequate contingency planning, insufficient information search and biased assessments of risk, cost-benefits and moral implications.

FORBES