The biomarker is called glial fibrillary acidic protein, or GFAP. The protein is only found in the brain and nervous system after a person suffers a concussion.

这种生物标志物被称之为神经胶质纤维酸性蛋白。这种蛋白质只能在脑震荡患者的脑部和神经系统中被发现。

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Although a single concussion does not appear to result in structural brain damage or swelling of the brain, repeated concussions can cause both.

尽管一次脑震荡不会导致大脑结构性损伤或导致脑水肿，但是数次脑震荡可能引起上述两种情况同时出现。

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Many conditions such as the bulbar type of poliomyelitis concussion of the brain facture of the skull or certain types of neck fractures may entirely stop respiration.

许多情况，如延脑型脊髓灰白质炎、脑震荡、颅骨骨折以及某些类型的颈椎骨折，均能造成呼吸完全停止。

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A concussion happens when the brain is shaken, often in a car crash or a fall or a strike to the head in sports.

VOA: special.2009.10.28

Newly released AAN (American Academy of Neurology) guidelines earlier this week to manage sports-related concussions recommend trainers, coaches and physicians to err on the side of caution and remove athletes from play in the setting of a possible traumatic brain injury or concussion.

FORBES: Safety Prevails -- In Updated Guidelines To Manage Concussions

In addition, brain rest is recommended following a concussion, so reading, watching movies and playing video games -- things you might normally do to pass the time on a plane -- may make things worse.

CNN: Is it OK to fly after a head injury?

The suit alleges the league didn't do enough to warn players that they risked permanent brain damage if they played too soon after a concussion and that it hid evidence about the risks for decades.

CNN: NFL wants players' suit over concussions dismissed