effects）、结构效应（ composition effects）和技术效应（ technological effects）：即在其他条件不变的情况下，经济规模扩大将带来更多的污染
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Long-term effects are primarily mediated by changes in tree species composition and the consequent alterations of forest structure, productivity, and nutrient uptake.
长期影响主要是由树种组成的变化以及随之而来的森林结构、生产力和养分吸收的变化所导致的。
At low doses, their effects aren't known, but may involve subtle and widespread stresses that ultimately change the composition of ecosystems.
如果含量过低，他们的效果还不是太清楚，但是可能最终还会引起生态系统组成的微小的、广泛的变化。
Effects of catalyst composition, preparation, and structure on reactivity are investigated emphatically.
着重考察了催化剂组成、制备方法以及结构特征对反应性能的影响。
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