But the simple fact is that coming up with a truly worthy LED bulb is enormously complex, requiring expertise in physics, chemistry, optics, design, and manufacturing.
实际上，做一个货真价实的LED灯管是相当复杂的，需要有精通物理、化学、光学、设计和制造的专业人才。
This approach leads to large, heavy and complex optical assemblies and a higher manufacturing cost for specialized optics.
这种方法导致了光学组件变得更大、更重而且趋于复杂化，光学制造成本较高。
Complex ray theory, based on geometrical optics, has been found to have many applications in areas of laser, microwave, acoustics, seismology etc.
以几何光学为基础的复射线理论已在激光、微波、声学和地震波等学科领域获得了广泛应用。
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