The density restriction is one of population competition effects.

密度制约是植物种内竞争效应之一。

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The gain competition effects in the fiber Raman amplification (FRA) and EDF amplification are analyzed and compared experimentally.

实验分析和比较了光纤拉曼放大器和掺铒光纤放大器中的增益竞争影响。

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There are four types of channels on enterprise technology spillovers: Model and replication effects, competition effects, the associated effects, human capital flows.

外商企业技术外溢有四类渠道：示范和模仿效应、竞争效应、联系效应、人力资本流动。

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Importantly, they find that the primary way that competition effects outcomes is by improving the performance of the nearby public schools, and not by outperforming the public schools.

FORBES: Lessons on School Choice from Sweden

Now, though, the ABS is trying to fight off irrelevance, competition and the effects of years of misguided policies.

FORBES: Self-Employment

Smith offers a third view: that Pentecostalism thrives because of the effects of competition.

ECONOMIST: Pentecostals