Now Mr. Milton took some risks when he separated himself from his cash and lent money to his clients, or lent more money to his clients than the collateral, the gold, was actually worth. And the motive for that risk, of course, the motive for that investment, was the expectation of a profit.

但是弥尔顿先生却冒着把自己和他的现金,也丢了的风险，或者借出去的钱比担保财产还要多，他这么投资的动机是，希望获得收益。

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"Without this information, it's difficult to assess the counterparty and collateral risk embedded in an ETF or fund, " says Steve Kole, an investor in Texas.

WSJ: Swaps Add Risk to Fund Portfolios

Bank loans are all about risk and collateral.

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Bringing complicated derivative exchanges out of the shadows would enhance market-price transparency, and increased collateral requirements would reduce the risk of investors and banks being wiped out by mistaken trades that allegedly threaten the financial system.

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