When he encounters such a withdrawal of collaboration, the theory goes, the malefactor will learn the error of his ways and become a more co-operative individual.

理论推测，当这个坏人碰到这种别人不愿意与之合作的情况时，他会从中吸取教训并且变成一个更合作的人。

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Victor Palau added that the application of game theory becomes pretty obvious in collaborative software development where the collaboration is based on trust.

Victor Palau补充道，博弈理论在协作式软件开发中的应用变得越发明显，那种协作是建立在信任的基础之上。

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He constructed a theory in collaboration with his colleagues.

他与同事合作创立了一种学说。

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However, he stressed there are "many steps in the chain" between confirming the collaboration's experimental result, and resolving the theory to accommodate it.

BBC: LHC reveals hints of 'new physics' in particle decays

To develop these algorithms the 60 researchers involved used techniques that include game theory (in which agents have to overcome barriers to collaboration in order to get the best outcome), probabilistic modelling (which is employed to predict missing data and reduce uncertainty) and optimisation techniques (which can provide means of making decisions when communications between agents are limited).

ECONOMIST: Artificial intelligence