Broadbent等研究者在1982把这类行为 过失概括为认知失败（cognitive failure），并认为认知失败是个体基于认知上的因 素，使他们在完成那些平日中能够胜任的简单任务时出现错误。
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That lack of empathy derives from a cognitive failure.
认知的失败，导致缺乏同情。
Cognitive therapist Jeffrey Young says that perfectionists believe that something is either perfect or it is a failure: "you cannot imagine just doing something well."
认知疗养师Jeffrey Young默示完美主义者信赖工作老是不是完美的就是失败的：“你不成能想象只是把工作做好。”
As linguistic communication is based on cognition, a cognitive approach is adopted towards the analysis of pragmatic failure.
语言交际以认知为基础，语用失误的原因可以从认知角度进行分析。
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