Oil, gas, coal and timber companies, by contrast, all have to pay substantial royalties, of up to 12.5% of gross income, when they extract from federal lands.

相比之下，汽油，天然气，煤炭和木材公司在从联邦土地上进行开发工作时，都需要支付高达总收入的12.5%的特许使用费。

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So it can buy royalty streams from coal mining companies (most collect royalties from reserves as well as mining their own coal) at five to seven times cash flow and still boost returns to its own unit holders.

FORBES: Magazine Article

As well as the safety issues, Mr Mukanga also stated that the company had failed to pay royalties or properly declare how much coal was produced.

BBC: Collum coal mine