Without it, galaxies and clusters of galaxies should fly apart.

如果没有，星系及星系群应该会分崩离析。

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They used an orbiting X-ray telescope called Chandra to study the way that clusters of galaxies grow.

他们用轨道X射线望远镜Chandra来研究银河星系的生长方式。

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Each distorted galaxy gives scientists important clues about how galaxies and clusters of galaxies evolve.

每个扭曲、瓦解的星系都向科学家们揭示了星系以及星系群进化的奥秘。

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It will launch in 2019 and map the spread of galaxies and clusters of galaxies over 10 billion years of cosmic history.

BBC: Dark discussion ahead for Europe and US

So do measurements of how the largest-scale structures in the universe formed over time and of how clusters of galaxies are held together.

ECONOMIST: Cosmology

In the near Universe, for example, it should fit with the detailed information we now have on the way clusters of galaxies are dotted across the sky.

BBC: Science & Environment