Like carbon dioxide, black carbon absorbs sunlight and infrared radiation, trapping heat in the atmosphere — including the boundary layer closest to Earth's surface.

像二氧化碳一样，黑碳吸收阳光和红外线辐射，将热量滞留在大气中-包括最接近地球表面的边界层。

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Closest to the atmospheric source of excess carbon dioxide, the ocean's surface waters are the first to show the effects of acidification.

由于直接接触大气中的过剩二氧化碳源，海洋表面的水是首先表现出酸化效应的。

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Earth surface system includes troposphere, hydrosphere, biosphere and the earth's crust of lithosphere, which is the closest and the most direct partition to the human survival in earth system.

地球表面系统包括大气圈的对流层、水圈、生物圈和岩石圈的地壳部分，是“地球系统”中与人类当前生存关系最密切、最直接的部分。

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Frictional drag means the air closest to the surface of the fuselage moves more slowly than the rest.

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Where the feed lies closest to the surface, as, for example, at the Suncor site, the bitumen is strip-mined and then separated.

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Where the rainbow fringes become most tightly spaced is where the fault break came closest to the surface, although the data indicates the fault is unlikely to have broken right through to the surface.

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