Apple's platform seemed unbeatable in part because it was a monolithic, closed ecosystem.

苹果的平台看起来是不可击败的，部分原因是它是一个垄断的，紧密的生态系统。

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The infamous Biosphere 2 closed-ecosystem project outside Tucson, Ariz., first inhabited by eight people in 1991, is the best example of an approach not to take.

恶名远扬生物圈二号封闭生态系统项目就是未经充分准备仓促上马的前车之鉴。 1991年，首批八个人住进位于亚利桑那州图克森附近的生物圈二号。

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Building an ecosystem for a closed-source project is certainly possible, but it's not easy.

虽然为封闭源代码的项目构建生态系统当然是可能的，但是并不容易。

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Apple has always maintained a closed ecosystem and insists on making its own hardware and software.

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In a statement, Bluestacks head Rosen Sharma said its software was helping to "break open" the closed ecosystem surrounding Apple's computers.

BBC: Android apps to run on Apple Macs via Bluestacks program

Another common transition visible here is the shift from a closed ecosystem, which is more efficient for developing reliable products quickly, to a more standardized and open ecosystem as companies compete more on price.

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