The method uses a technology called mini-X-ray fluorescence to detect chemical elements in fingerprints without altering them, said Christopher Worley, a scientist on the project.

参与该科研项目的科学家克里斯托弗·沃尔利说，该方法使用了一种“微X射线束荧光技术”，可以探测到指纹携带的化学成分，却不会改变指纹的保存状态。

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Christopher Ray, of Manchester Grammar School, said favouring state pupils would not necessarily broaden universities' social mix.

BBC: Don't handicap private pupils, says leading headmaster

The headmaster of Manchester Grammar School, Dr Christopher Ray, says the impending changes convinced him to move away from GCSEs completely.

BBC: Q&A: GCSE v IGCSE

Christopher Ray, of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference, which represents independent school leaders, told BBC News the new system could potentially harm "students who only when they get their AS-level results in Year 12 realise how bright they are, who are perhaps in an underperforming school or college and who suddenly have the self-confidence to aim for the stars".

BBC: A-level plans may 'threaten uptake of tough subjects'