The Chinese function word, which belongs to the form category, is used for expressing the grammar meaning by the notional word emptinessization.

汉语虚字（词）由实词虚化而来，是表达语法意义的，属形式范畴。

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The first part of the ancient Chinese Function Words and rhetoric surrounding the discussion started, described a close relationship between the two;

第一部分围绕古汉语虚词与修辞展开论述，阐述了二者之间密不可分的关系；

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Unlike modern Chinese function words, many errors occurring in translating classical ones are due to nothing but the misunderstanding of the interpreters.

文言虚词不比现代汉语虚词，许多的翻译错误其实是因为译者自己的理解产生了谬误。

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How, though, can all this modernisation be squared with the maintenance of what every senior official says is the capital's great quality, its function as the ancient vessel of Chinese history and culture?

ECONOMIST: Get ready for an enormous show of triumphalism