So empirical approaches to literature, the simple observation of data from which one can generalize -they exempt these from the general charge against literary theory.
文学的经验主义研究方法，对我们所概括的事物的简单数据观察，对文学理论的普遍控诉中，他们免除了这些。
The surface variations of lithium electrode during charge processes were investigated by in situ optical microscopic observation and impedance measurement.
锂电极的表面变化通过原位显微镜观测和交流阻抗谱进行检测。
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