"Every time there's a collision you end up pumping charge from the top to the bottom," says Shinbrot.

“每一次碰撞都宣告将电荷由顶部泵到底部过程的结束，”Shinbrot说。

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“Every time there’s a collision you end up pumping charge from the top to the bottom, ” says Shinbrot.

“每一次碰撞都宣告将电荷由顶部泵到底部过程的结束，”Shinbrot说。

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Water molecules stick together, because they carry a slight charge on each end.

水分子粘合在一起是因为水分子间有轻微的作用力。

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For the carbon, we start with 4 valence electrons, we have 0 lone pair electrons minus 4, and we end up with a formal charge of 0.

对于碳，我们从四个价电子开始，我们有零个孤对电子，再减去四，最终我们有零个形式电荷。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

And then we end up having 6 shared electrons, 2 from each of the bonds, so we end up with a formal charge on sulfur of plus 1.

然后我们有六个共用电子，每个键两个，因此最终硫的形式电荷量为正一。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

So we end up with a formal charge on carbon of negative 1.

因此最终我们得到碳的形式电荷量是负一。

麻省理工公开课 - 化学原理课程节选

Assistant coach Ricardo Moniz will take charge until the end of the season.

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Unless people choose to opt out from receiving the benefit, they will continue to receive the money but will have to pay a charge at the end of the year.

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