The space charge effect and the beam loading effect are considered in the equation of beam dynamics.

粒子运动方程中考虑了空间电荷效应和束流负载效应。

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Image-Retention Phenomenon, which exists in different kinds of LCDs is mostly caused by Ionic Charge Effect.

影像残留显示现象存在于各类的LCD中，且大多归纳为离子效应所引起。

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The nonlinear space charge effect due to the nonuniform particle density distribution in bunched beam of a linac is discussed.

提出了在强流直线加速器中，由空间电荷束团的密度分布所引起的非线性效应。

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The government places a cap on the interest rates private banks can charge, in effect preventing them from lending to risky start-ups.

ECONOMIST: Reform is coming to a still-cautious Vietnam

While there are no surveys determining the percentage of schools nationally that have instituted pay-to-play, what they charge, and the effect on student participation, plenty of information is coming out that the percentage is higher, the amount they charge varies wildly depending upon perceived budgetary needs, and whatever is charged, it is driving down student athletic participation.

FORBES: Will 'Pay to Play' Become A Permanent Part of School Sports?

Mr Berlusconi appears to have talked into his camp Umberto Agnelli, who is in effect in sole charge of the family's fortunes since his elder brother, Gianni, is ailing.

ECONOMIST: Fiat