After computing their assessments, Schellenberg concluded that the majority of the articles erroneously claimed that music training had a causal effect.

在计算了他们的评估之后，舍伦贝格得出结论，大部分文章错误地声称音乐训练有因果效应。

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Much of epidemiological and social science research is devoted to estimation of causal effect.

在流行病学和社会科学中，大量的研究是估计因果效应。

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In voxel-wise study, the extended rFIC-mask shows two peaks (anterior and posterior insula) for each of the positive causal effect of rFIC-to-dACC and negative causal effect.

在基于体素的分析中，岛叶区域在正和负的因果效应中都表现出前后两个极值点。

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Two reasons: U.S. tax rates are historically low, and taxes are a residual effect, not a causal effect, of economic activity.

FORBES: The Corporate Tax Debate? Ignore It and Think About Your Taxes

It motivated me to examine studies that use techniques far more likely to tease out the causal effect of Medicaid on health.

FORBES: Why Medicaid is a Humanitarian Catastrophe

The researchers said although a causal effect could not be proven, the way they had done the study strongly suggested that it was exposure to alcohol in the womb that was responsible for the differences in child IQ.

BBC: Moderate drinking in pregnancy 'harms IQ'