... 资本—产值比率 capital-output ratio 资本—劳动替代 capital-labor substitution 资本三原则 three doctrines of capital ...
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One is the acceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor.
一是知识和手工资本的替代加速。
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On the aspect of labor demand, this paper focuses on the substitution effects of capital and technology and the income effects.
劳动力需求方面，重点分析了资本和技术的替代作用以及收入水平对劳动力需求的影响。
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