The influence of the thickness and concentration of the cap layer, as well as the component of the substrate, on the surface states is also obvious.

包覆层的厚度和掺杂浓度，以及基底的成分都能显著地影响表面电子态。

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The ice cap could be thinner and still protect water if it were topped with a layer of frozen atmospheric gas, such as dry ice, which is solid carbon dioxide.

若冰层上方还存在一层固态气体层，如干冰——二氧化碳的固态形式，维持液态水存在的冰层厚度要求就能相对降低。

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That in turn went in another layer of end cap and pipe with the gap filled with water and frozen.

这反过来去，在另一层端盖和管道输送的石油与差距灌满水和冻结。

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Lastly, it needs to be covered with a layer of non-porous, non-cracked rock to provide a leakproof cap.

ECONOMIST: A survey of The future of energy: Dig deep | The