By the late 1980s, a suitable standard candle had been indentified: type Ia supernovae.

到上世纪八十年代末，一个合适的标准烛光出现了，它就是Ia型超新星。

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By the late 1980s, generations one and two gave way to the prevailing "gen 3" products.

到1980年代晚期，第一代和第二代已经输给最占优势的“第三代”产品。

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Instead, analysts estimate that the space industry has grown by only 25 percent since the late 1970s and early 1980s.

相反的，经分析人士估算，自1970年代末和1980年代初至今，太空产业的增长只有25%。

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But by the late 1980s family divisions left him as heir to the construction interests.

FORBES: Magazine Article

At its peak, by the late 1980s, Lonrho was running some 600 companies in 50 countries.

ECONOMIST: Tiny Rowland

By the late 1980s minicomputers were being pushed out by the third wave: networks of pcs and Unix-based servers.

FORBES: The New Barbarians