By the late 1800s, mealtime manners had changed for everyone.

到了19世纪晚期，每个人的用餐礼仪都发生了变化。

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By the late 1800s laws changes and increased taxes made large land holdings expensive.

1800年代末期改变法律和税收增加了持有的大量地皮昂贵。

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By the late 1800s in North America Halloween had developed into a family festival full of parties seasonal foods (pumpkins maize and apples) and costumes.

到了19世纪末期，在北美地区，万圣节已经变成一个家庭节日。充满了派对，时令食物和奇装异服的元素。

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By the late 1800s, European-borne diseases such as small pox had decimated the Haida population to triple figures.

UNESCO: Culture

By the late 1800s, agents from Prudential and other companies were making the rounds in immigrant communities collecting premiums on small policies.

WSJ: Shift to Wealthier Clientele Puts Life Insurers in a Bind

By the late 1800s, the action had shifted to America.

FORBES: The End of Pax Papyra and the Fall of Big Paper