In winter rye (Secale cereale), antifreeze proteins accumulate in response to cold, short daylength, dehydration and ethylene, but not pathogens.
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This has made all nations vulnerable - not just to invasion of their territories by pathogens, but also to the economic and social shocks of outbreaks elsewhere.
这就使各国都很脆弱，不仅是在病原体侵入其领土方面，在其它地区疾病暴发引起的经济和社会冲击方面也是如此。
Defensins not only kill pathogens but also alert the immune system. So the pharmaceutical industry is setting its hopes on them.
防卫素不仅杀灭病原菌，而且可以为免疫系统提供预警。因此药业界对它给予厚望。
Prolonged vigorous boiling is often recommended but not necessary to destroy the fecal-orally transmitted pathogens.
通常推荐延长有力的沸腾时间，但就摧毁不了上述排泄物传播的病原体了。
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