Using variational calculus, necessary conditions for boundary temperature control of the reactors have been derived.

使用变分方法，推导了这类反应器边界温度控制的必要条件。

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The temperature difference variation of model boundary shows the space gradient of temperature field, and the larger boundary temperature difference requires higher order.

模型边界的温差变化表现了温度场的空间梯度，越大的边界温差需越高的计算阶数。

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So if a scientist wanted to study the microorganisms living on each side of a temperature gradient, the AUV would find the boundary, follow it, and pick the best spot to take samples.

因此，当一位科学家有兴趣研究生活在海平面下某一温度层边缘的微生物，这台水下自动探测机器人能够找到温度梯度的边界，并在那里找到最佳样本。

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In addition to a sea floor mapping project, the researchers will make chemical analyses of water samples that will help them determine the temperature, salinity and composition of a strong circumpolar current that flows around the boundary of the Arctic Ocean.

CNN: Nuclear sub dives under the ice to explore climate change