JapaneseofficialssaidLee's visittoJapan helped resume the bilateral "shuttlediplomacy", which encouraged more exchange between top officialsof thetwocountries.
As a non-member, the U.S. retained the full panoply of tools to parry the first Russian ploy: bilateraldiplomacy, relations with the four other littoral states who share our interest in blocking such Kremlin overreach, economic and financial pressure and, if all else failed, naval power.
Although large diplomatic bodies, like the United Nations, are successful in dealing with some areas of conflict, the vast majority of diplomacy is conducted in smaller, bilateral negotiations.