...关系(相关系数为0．507)，如果在对金融宽度的回归中包括金融深度的衡量指标，会带来强烈的双向因果关系(bidirectional causality)，这样会导致OLS系数有偏误。本文采取的策略是同时对影响金融深度和金融宽度的因素做出解释，并比较它们是否显著不同。
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There is a bidirectional causality from the urbanized rate to the consumption of rural households.
城市化率与农村居民消费之间存在双向因果关系。
The panel data causality results reveal that GDP has unidirectional effects on exports directly, and there also exists bidirectional causality between GDP and FDI for the group.
面板数据因果检验表明中国东部FDI和GDP之间存在显著的双向因果关系，GDP对出口也存在单向因果关系。
Based on the bidirectional dynamic causality among market structure, enterprise behavior and industry performance, this paper analyzes the structure factors which influence the industry performance.
根据市场结构-厂商行为-产业绩效之间双向的、动态的因果关系，分析影响产业绩效的结构性因素。
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