During quite a long time in the past, Yuan Shikai"s negotiation of"twenty-one items" was simply called "betrayal diplomacy "or "humiliating diplomacy" . The negotiation of "twenty-one items" has also been directly related with Yuan Shikai"s ambition to be an emperor. That is to say, in order to get the support from Japan Yuan Shikai positively accepted "twenty-one items". So Yuan Shikai"s negotiation of "twenty-one items" was for a long time neglected by academic circles.

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