The mechanism of the Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) is discussed base on the review of the literature up to data as well as the authors' research results.

在综述现有文献的基础上，结合作者的研究结果，对ATRP的反应机理进行了讨论。

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The whole thesis consists of three parts: (1) General status of atom optics has been summarized, besides of the base experimental methods and the research focuses in this region.

本文主要分为三个部分：（1）对原子光学的概况、基本实验方法和最近的研究热点进行了综述；

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Methylation, the addition to a base of a group of three hydrogens and a carbon atom, is one way in which genes are regulated.

ECONOMIST: Nanopores may lead the way to a new generation of sequencing