Mr Uchida notes that under Basel 2 bank-capital rules there are so-called "outlier criteria" for banks with a heavy exposure to interest-rate risk, such as the Japanese banks.

内田和人强调，新巴塞尔协议中，对于一些面临巨大利率风险的银行，像是日本的银行，有一些所谓的“异量标准”。

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Under a currency board arrangement, the central bank guarantees the redemption of all notes in circulation at a set exchange rate to the dollar or another foreign currency or basket of currencies.

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