I came to recognise various signs of a bad paper.

我开始发现各种不好的论文。

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Concerns include the fact that a bad paper may be cited because of its infamous errors and that a journal's rank has no bearing on the quality of individual papers it publishes.

忧虑包括这样一个事实即一篇质量低劣的论文由于它声名狼藉的错误也可以被引用，这样就造成了一本杂志的等级不足以支撑它所刊登的论文的质量。

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A recent paper, titled "The Natural Selection of Bad Science", published on the Royal Society's open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question.

最近发表在英国皇家学会开放科学网站上的一篇题为《烂科学的自然选择》的论文，试图回答这个有趣而重要的问题。

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You can't stick your bad paper to the banker who knows everybody in the town; he'll figure it out and that's the -and so that's the problem that's solved by bankers.

你休想把垃圾债权随便卖给银行家,因为他对这个圈子了如指掌,他定会识破的,因此银行家们就解决了逆向选择问题

耶鲁公开课 - 金融市场课程节选

Today the real problem is that we still don't know where all the bad paper is.

FORBES: Big One in '08

From Wachovia to Citigroup, top executives have been axed lately as the industry suffers writedowns on bad paper.

FORBES: Return to Zion

Bank of America, which absorbed Countrywide Financial, the poster child of bad paper, has seen its stock go up 80% in three weeks.

FORBES: The Case For Muddling Through