The structural model should be built in 4 steps with the axial surface analysis as the basis, the fault-fold geometric analysis as the key, the balanced idea as the guidance and the stru.

主要遵循4个基本步骤，轴面分析是基础，断层褶皱形态分析是核心，平衡观念是灵魂，构造复原是手段。

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Moving path lines, tangential and axial average velocities of particles at the vortex surface are obtained by the photography method.

通过摄像法得出了旋涡表面流体质点的运动轨迹、切向和轴向时均速度。

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On the outer surface of the pipe, the axial residual stresses of the weld and in its vicinity are compressive while the hoop stresses keep tensile.

在管道接头外表面焊缝中心处的轴向残余应力为压应力，而环向残余应力为拉应力。

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