The evolvement of atomic energy and arrangement of atoms in the model, the initiation and expansion of damage and the elastic modulus of monocrystalline nickel were obtained.

模拟采用原子镶嵌势描述原子间作用，得到镍单晶薄膜的弹性模量，分析了拉伸过程中系统原子能量、应力变化和外荷载的关系。

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The results show that the surface damage, the weight loss and the leakage rate of an O-ring all increase in proportion to its of the time exposed to atomic oxygen.

暴露时间越长，表面形貌受到的损坏越严重、质量减少量越多，泄漏率也就越大。

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Directed energy (DE) is an umbrella term covering technologies that produce a beam of concentrated electromagnetic energy or atomic or subatomic particles as a direct means to damage or destroy adversary equipment, facilities, and personnel.

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