The major U.S. investment Banks merged, failed, or sought a life-line from the Federal Reserve as newly converted bank holding companies.

美国的主要投资银行合并、破产或者以转变成新的银行控股公司的方式向美联储寻求生路。

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It plans to supervise bankers' pay practices more closely, as well as the "non-bank" lending subsidiaries of bank-holding companies.

美联储计划更严密地监督银行家的薪水，也不会轻易放过持银行股份的非银行借贷子公司。

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For this reason, ad hoc responses will still be critical, such as last week's federal guarantees for money-market funds, Fed loans to banks to buy asset-backed commercial paper and, on Sunday, approval of the remaining two big independent investment banks, Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs, to become Fed-regulated bank holding-companies whose investment bank units can now borrow from the Fed on the same terms as other banks.

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Additionally, members of bank holding companies that have broker dealers cannot serve as so-called public representatives.

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We only assessed the 20 largest bank holding companies in terms of total assets, as of December 2012, according to the National Information Center, a repository of financial data and institution characteristics collected by the Federal Reserve System.

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