However, the amount of helium in the universe, as measured by spectroscopy, suggests that there are far more baryons in the universe than estimates based on galactic luminosity indicate.

然而，通过光谱学测量，宇宙中氦的数量表明，宇宙中重子的数量要比基于星系光度所估计的要多得多。

youdao

These included how many papers they authored and how influential those papers were, as measured by the number of subsequent citations.

以后续引用数来衡量，这包括他们撰写了多少篇论文，以及这些论文的影响力如何。

youdao

Risk stability. As measured by how much the project's risks are still being discovered.

风险稳定性，正如测试的那样，项目的风险有多大仍在被发现。

youdao

That means that a group of people who were identified and then re-measured every other year on -to getting blood tests and other biological markers, as well as doing assessments of their lifestyle behaviors and a number of other things.

就是说有一群特定的人,然后每隔几年,就要接受血液及其他生物学测试,还要对他们的生活方式等进行评估

耶鲁公开课 - 关于食物的心理学、生物学和政治学课程节选

The UK's inflation rate - as measured by the Consumer Prices Index (CPI) - currently stands at 2.7%, and it has not been at or below 2% since 2009.

BBC: Treasury must be more innovative, says Item Club

Simpler, more transparent compensation will be more tightly linked not just to the stock price of a company, but also to its overall health--as measured, for example, by market share, product quality, and customer satisfaction.

FORBES: A New Era In Corporate Governance

London does rank as Europe's fourth-rainiest city as measured by number of days of rain, with 226.

FORBES: Europe's Wildest Weather Cities