Strong emotional bonds between mothers and infants increase children's willingness to explore the world—an effect that has been observed across the animal kingdom, in people, monkeys and even spiders.

母亲和婴儿之间强烈的情感纽带增强了孩子探索世界的意愿——这一效应在动物领域、人类、猴子甚至蜘蛛身上都有被观察到。

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After such an experience an animal often remains passive even when it can effect change—a state they called learned helplessness.

有过这样的经历后，即使是在能够带来改变的情况下，动物也常常保持被动——这种状态被他们称为习得性无助。

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They found that colonizing an adult germ-free animal with normal gut bacteria had no effect on their behavior.

FORBES: Thinking With Your Gut. Literally.

But some see the interest in fake animal material in fashion as simply the trickle down effect from more of the real thing appearing on runways.

CNN: Vegan couture: Faux meets fabulous

Awareness of the "Clever Hans Effect, " as it is now known, has greatly improved animal experimentation.

WSJ: The Brains of the Animal Kingdom