Objective: to study the anatomical relationship of TMJ with the adjacent anatomic landmarks and important nerves and vessels for the application of TMJ operation with arthroscopy.
目的：了解颞下颌关节(TMJ)与邻近各解剖标志以及重要神经血管的解剖关系，以便更好地掌握手术操作方式和手术范围。
Conclusion: This study give the anatomical relationship between spinous processes and vertebral pedicle, and provided a new anatomic location for transpedicular operation.
结论：该研究揭示了棘突与椎弓根的解剖关系，为经椎弓根手术提供了一种新的解剖学定位方式。
Objective:To explore the anatomic characteristics of sinus tympani and facial recess and provide anatomical data for the operation on the middle ear using endoscope technique.
目的：探讨硬质内镜下进行鼓室窦和面神经隐窝的应用解剖学研究，为内镜在中耳手术中的应用提供解剖学资料。
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