New urban sociology is an alternative paradigm in urban studies; spatial turn could be a key dimension which distinguishes it from "old" urban sociology.

新城市社会学是都市研究的替代范式，其间展现的空间转向是新城市社会学有别于“旧”的城市社会学的重要纬度。

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On a "bottom up" alternative drawn from Medieval casuistry, it is richly described paradigm cases, not principles, that have the central role in moral reasoning.

一项来自于中世纪决疑法，自下而上的研究方案指出，道德推理的核心是那些详尽描述的范例，而非原则。

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This process understanding enables an alternative manufacturing paradigm where the variability of input materials might not need to be tightly constrained.

这个工艺理解可以实现替代性生产模型，其投入物料的变动可能不需要严格的限制。

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Maybe so, but an alternative interpretation is that a crisis changes the paradigm and requires different behavior.

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Yet when you're the winner, the temptation is always there to see yourself as something more than just an alternative -- something larger, like a paradigm-changer or a transformational political figure.

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The combination of applications and flexible computing options provides a compelling alternative to todays PC-on-every-desktop paradigm.

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