Surface waters are expected to form more stable layers as the oceans warm, which will affect the availability of nutrients and, it is increasingly feared, of oxygen.

当海洋变暖时，海水表面会形成更稳定的薄层，薄层会影响水面上营养物质的有效性，更让人焦虑的是，会影响到氧的使用。

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Even small changes in the growth of phytoplankton may affect atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations, which would feed back to global surface temperatures.

即使浮游植物的生长发生了很小的变化，也可能会影响大气中二氧化碳的浓度，从而体现在全球表面温度上。

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This won't affect climate tomorrow, but what our results tell you is that carbon from the surface can go all the way into the lower mantle, which may be a long-term sink for carbon.

这不会对明天的天气产生影响，但我们所得的结果告诉你来自地表的碳元素总是能够进入到底层的地幔中，这可能是碳元素的长期下沉过程。

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What is needed are specific detectors that take advantage of the fact that tsunamis are felt throughout the ocean's depths, unlike wind-generated waves, which affect only its surface.

ECONOMIST: New ways of tracking these killer waves may help save lives

Land use changes matter because different types of surface strongly affect the atmospheric distribution of the Sun's energy.

BBC: Forest in snow 1998 EyeWire,Inc.

Meanwhile, questions have begun to surface over the event's affect on the cruise industry.

BBC: In brief: A movement to ��occupy men��s toilets�� in China