act of ratification and acknowledgement 承认和批准行为
act of ratification
批准书
以上为机器翻译结果，长、整句建议使用 人工翻译 。
There can be ratification, where one did not know of the bad act beforehand, but accepted the benefits of it later.
FORBES: The Centuries-Old Solution to the Novel Newton Play for Pay Rule
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