To evaluate the cost/benefit tradeoff of our approach, which we call PBR-UP, we performed a case study in the context of a small software development project (an object-oriented information system).

为了评估我们的方法的成本/收益的权衡，我们称其为 PBR-UP，我们在一个小的软件开发项目环境中做了一个案例研究（一个基于对象的信息系统）。

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You need to pin down an object of study, a first principle from which other principles can emerge, and part of the process is to say, "Hey, it's not literature we're talking about."

首要原则是，需要锁定要谈论，即学习的目标，可是，谁知道什么是文学。

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"The ring itself is a fascinating object worthy of study because it is forming stars at a very high rate," Kartik Sheth, an astronomer at NASA's Spitzer Science Center, said in a press release.

“星环本身就让人兴奋，是很值得研究的事物，因为它的星体分布的密度非常高。”美国宇航局的斯皮策科学中心天文学家Kartik Sheth在记者会上说。

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You need to pin down an object of study, a first principle from which other principles can emerge, and part of the process is to say, "Hey, it's not literature we're talking about.

首要原则是，需要锁定要谈论，即学习的目标，可是，谁知道什么是文学。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选

This is what he says in this first passage. He says: If we study speech from several viewpoints simultaneously, the object of linguistics appears to us as a confused mass of heterogeneous and unrelated things.

这也是他在第一篇文章里说的话：,我们同时从几个角度读这篇文章，这时语言学乱的像一锅粥,没有系统毫无关联性。

耶鲁公开课 - 文学理论导论课程节选